Ascorbic Acid

Ascorbic acid boosts the skin's own collagen production, helping to reduce wrinkles and improve skin firmness, as demonstrated in multiple peer-reviewed studies. It inhibits the enzyme tyrosinase to fade hyperpigmentation and brown spots. When used under sunscreen, it enhances UV protection, an effect further amplified when combined with Vitamin E and ferulic acid.

High concentrations (above 10%) may cause irritation or tingling, particularly for sensitive or rosacea-prone skin. The ingredient is extremely unstable and oxidizes rapidly when exposed to light or air; water-based formulas must be kept below pH 3.5 to remain effective. Airless packaging is strongly recommended, and opened products should typically be used within three months.